![]() ![]() Fard Muhammad, was actually Cal’s (fictional) maternal grandfather, Jimmy Zizmo. In one of the most unexpected historical references in the novel, Cal’s grandmother Desdemona gets a job working for the Nation of Islam, and it is revealed that the (real) founder of the movement, Wallace D. Later on, the novel depicts the boom of the automobile industry in Detroit, Michigan, alongside racial tensions between white residents and black residents, many of whom had originally immigrated to the city during the Great Migration of black Americans from the rural South to the urban North. As a result of this conflict, Cal’s grandparents Lefty and Desdemona-like so many others during this era-leave Europe in order to seek refuge and prosperity in the U.S. Some of the most important events that take place in the first part of the novel include World War I, the Greo-Turkish War, and the Turkish destruction of Smyrna. ![]() Middlesex chronicles a large number of historical events, some of which take center stage while others are mentioned in a more passing or subtle manner. ![]()
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